Emily Dickinson-Poetry

Emily Dickinson's numerous poems represent a life of solitude, isolation, sadness, but also hope. Her poems reflect her life's events and her innermost thoughts and feelings. She wanted to have all her poems and correspondence letters burned after she died, but her sister decided it was important to save most of her poems and share them with the world because they are so extraordinarily and yet simply written.

Ballad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall

-The poem is about a mother and her little girl who wants to go join the freedom march, but the mother tells her to go to the church instead. The church ends up being bombed by a white supremacist (Robert Chambliss) and the little girl died in the explosion.

Necessary to Protect Ourselves-Interview with Malcom X

-Malcolm X says that because the government has proven its inability to protect Negroes, it should be left in the hands of the Negroes to protect themselves.

Stride Toward Freedom by Martin Luther King, Jr.

-Oppression-acquiescence
-Some slaves prefer to be slaves than to be free because it is what they are used to and comfortable with/familiar with.
-"Been down so long that down don't bother me."
- By giving up, the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor.
-To accept being treated badly would say to the oppressor that their being treated that way is okay.
-Oppression-violence/violent protests
-Oppression-non-violent protests-not aimed at the "oppressors" but the oppression.

Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody

-Anne is trying to graduate from Natchez College; she does not have enough credits, but she is happy because she gets to stay on campus and help with "the movement."
-Anne knows that some of her teachers are waiting for her to drop out of school, but the movement has helped Anne to know she has nothing she needs to prove to others.
-Anne is recruited to do a sit-in at a diner and agrees because she doesn't care if she goes to jail or not; she has nothing to lose.
-Anne, Pearlena, and Memphis sit down in the white section of the diner and refuse to move when asked.
-A white woman says that she would stay with them, but her husband is waiting for her.
-Anne and the others at the sit-in are abused terribly at the diner.
-Anne doesn't hate the whites; she believes they are merely "sick with a disease that is incurable."
-Anne wouldn't stop fighting for her cause and act like a coward; she was determined and brave.

Gettysburg Address

Questions on pg. 607
3) I think Lincoln was a very earnest, smart, and strong-willed person. Lincoln instills a sense of sadness, but want for equality in his speech. His attitude is that there is hope for the future of this country, and that all men are created equal. The men who fought in battle, fought with courage and died for their cause. He wants to live in a free country someday, and he wants to persuade his listeners to want the same thing. He uses sentiment to reach out to the audience. Those who fought in the war were/are dedicated to their country. Lincoln states that the nation, under God, will someday be free.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

The story is written by Frederick Douglass, and he tells about his life as a slave and how he was treated horridly by his owner. His original "master" sent him to another plantation to work and be "broken in." While Frederick was there, he was beaten weekly and had a near death experience in which he walked a great distance to plead his previous owner to take him back. His previous owner wouldn't allow this, so he sent him back to the plantation where Frederick was being beaten. Frederick met up with another slave and his free wife, and they let him stay there before he returned to the plantation. The slave and his wife told Frederick to go to this special place and take one of the roots from it. Frederick was to put the root in his pocket and keep it with him always as to protect himself from further harm. Frederick returned to the plantation a little more hopeful at his future and wouldn't allow his master to beat him anymore. The two get in a rumble, and Frederick stands up against his master and scares him. His master didn't whip him ever again after that.
Styles of Writing:
formal (conversational)
concise
matter of fact
personal and emotional
word choice
sentence length
tone
figurative language
use of dialogue

Figurative Language:
"I expected every moment that my brains would be dashed out against the trees" (pg. 563).

Word Choice:
"Upon this he rushed at me with the fierceness of a tiger, tore off my clothes, and lashed me till he had worn out his switches, cutting me so savagely as to leave marks visible for a long time after" (pg. 564).

Tone:
"...scarce a week passed without his whipping me" (pg. 564).
"He appeared to us as being ever at hand" (pg. 565).

Personal and Emotional:
"My awkwardness was almost always his excuse for whipping me" (pg. 564).
"I was broken in body, soul, and spirit" (pg. 565).

Use of Dialogue:
"Take hold of him, take hold of him!" (pg. 569).

The Declaration of Independence Questions

List of complaints begins with "He..."
1. Why do they repeat it?
They repeat it because the listed offenses have been committed repeatedly.
2. Why do they make it personal?
They are hoping that by making the complaints personal to the people, the people will recognize their faults and be instilled with a new desire to change their ways.
3. How does the D.I. anticipate its audiences resistance to change?
The D.I. anticipates that the people of the independent colonies are more likely to suffer than to change because they do not want to leave behind what they are used to.
4. How does the D.I. use parallelism? How does it impact the effectiveness of the piece?
parallelism: when a writer uses similar grammatical forms or sentence patterns to express ideas of equal importance.
The D.I. uses "He..." and "For..." to represent that everything they are saying shares the same amount of importance.
5.What to you is the most convincing example stated in the D.I.? Why?
The most convincing thing that stands out to me is when the D.I. states that the colonies are no longer controlled by the British government, but is now independent. This stands out to me because this shows to the people that some serious change is about to occur in how the government is run.

A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage by Mark Twain

-John Grey is a farmer
-the setting is a small town, Deerlick
-Reverend John Hurly
-Mary Grey is John Grey's father and she wants to marry Hugh Gregory
-Sarah/Sally Grey is John's wife, Mary's mother
-Tom Grey is Mary's brother
-David Grey-very rich, brother to John, hates Hugh because he tried to cheat Hugh's father out of money/land and Hugh stopped him
-David and John don't like each other
-George Wayne/Count Hubert Dee Fountingblow/Jean Mercier
-David Grey and Hugh Gregory get in a tiff
-David Grey is murdered and Hugh Gregory is in jail for it
-the count pursues Mary Grey
-Hugh and Mary are trying to send each other messages, but John keeps them from doing so
-The count is going to marry Mary, but the hanging is scheduled for the same day as the wedding.
-Hugh doesn't get hung, the count is guilty of David Grey's murder
-Hugh and Mary get married.
-The count wanted to marry Mary to get her fortune that was to be left to her by her uncle, David Grey
-Jean Mercier talks about his revenge on Jules Verne and how he came to the prairie that he was in in the first place. (Mark Twain uses Jules Verne as a kind of condescending character in his book to directly reference the circumstance in which Jules Verne published a work that was almost exactly like what Twain was working on).

Unit 4 Research

Mark Twain got his name when he worked as a riverboat pilot. When there were two fathoms of water, (two fathoms is the same as 12 feet) calling out "mark twain!" meant that it was safe to navigate the boat.
Mark Twain's real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens. His books are controversial because the inappropriate word to describe African Americans is used, and also just the fact that African Americans are used as characters in his books (this was a lot more controversial when Mark Twain first wrote his books). Mark Twain was born in Hannibal, Missouri and growing up as a boy said his only real academic skill was spelling. Mark Twain married an Olivia Langdon. They had four children, 3 of which died. The only one that survived, a girl named Clara, had one child who died. Because of this, there are no relations to Mark Twain living today. Mark Twain's two arguably most famous books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Irony-using words that are contrary to their actual meaning; saying something and meaning something else.

It's like rain on your wedding day
It's a free ride when you've already paid
It's the good advice that you just didn't take
Who would've thought... it figures

-The song "Ironic" by Alanis Morissette is ironic because she is singing about irony, but her song doesn't contain any irony; that's what makes it ironic. Ha ha.


-Alanis Morissette "Ironic" Lyrics. http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/alanismorissette/ironic.html


Jules Verne was an author during the same time period as Mark Twain. He wrote works such as Twenty-Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and Journey to the Center of the Earth. Mark Twain and Jules Verne were both the great writers of their time.

The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe

The Fall of the House of Usher

-Unity of Effect: single overall feeling
-Poe had a plan/purpose for everything; his particular focus was exploring the strange, fantastic, conveying psychological terror through carefully chosen details and events.
-Mood: the feeling or atmosphere; obtained by the word choice, how the story is set up.

The narrator goes to the house of Usher to visit his friend. The friend and his sister are connected to the house, and because they are damned and dying, the house is slowly dying along with them. They are the last members of their family. Roderick is a hypochondriac, sensitive to everything. He himself looks dead. He ends up entombing his sister alive to "end her suffering," but he can hear her scratching at the coffin and screaming. She escapes her encasement and finds Roderick, and the two die along with the house. The narrator leaves the house before it crumbles to the ground and is absorbed by the swampy land that it stood on.

The Signalman by Charles Dickens

-A spector is a ghost.

Summary:
The signalman is visited by a man, and they become friends in a way. The man is interested in why the signalman is spooked. The signalman tells the man the story about the strange happenings that have taken place at his post. There's a ghost that appears before an accident is going to take place, but the signalman doesn't know when or where or how the accident is going to happen. At the end, the signalman hears the ghost again and walks on to the train tracks to investigate. He hears the ghosts warning and sees him, but he doesn't hear the train that is approaching. The train instructor man is yelling warnings and waving at the signalman, but the signalman doesn't even seem to notice. THe man at the top of the hill is even shouting down fro the signalman to "watch out!" But he doesn't hear. The signalman gets hit by the train and dies.

The Raven

The Raven is a poem by Edgar Allen Poe that tells a story about a man that is grieving over his lost love. A raven appears and sits in his room, speaking only "nevermore." The man takes this as some kind of sign and asks the bird questions that he knows will be answered as "nevermore," and that will make him sad; the man likes being sad.
-the raven is a bird of prophecy; associated with mystery, evil omens, and death.
- end rhyme: similar or identical sounds at the ends of lines
-internal rhymes: rhymes within a line
-rhyme scheme: the basic pattern of the end rhymes (A,B,C,B,B...etc.)

Danse Macabre by Stephen King (Dance of Death) The Masque of Red Death

-big bug behind the door- getting to the door is the scariest part; behind the door is a relief. It's a no win situation-must find out what is behind the door eventually, can't drag out the suspense for too long or it loses its effect.

Allegory: two layers of meaning; most of the persons, objects, and events stand for abstract ideas or qualities. (In Danse Macabre, the masked man represents the red death; this is an allegory)

The Masque of Red Death
-Prince Prospero and his friends went into the abbey to try and avoid the plague.
-Prince Prospero had musicians, food, wine, and dancing within the abbey; it was like a big party whereas outside the abbey was just a lot of death and despair.
-Black and scarlet "apartment," like death ebony, monotonous clock that announces the hour, and as it does so, all that are partying stop/pause for a moment to aknowledge it, just for a moment until it's done chiming the hour. (disconcert, tremulousness, meditation instilled in the people by the chiming of the clock)
-Imagery with the description of the scene and how the clock makes all go silent and then light laughter and resuming partying.
-Masked stranger in the ballroom instills in the people surprise, then terror, horror, and disgust.
-masked man represents death-dressed like death, all are afraid of his "gaunt" figure-blood on himself
-Prince Prospero orders his courtiers to seize the dark intruder, and says he shall be hanged come morning, but no one will go near enough to the dark man to seize him.
-the masked man's costume is "untenanted by any tangible form"-represents the plague and that no one can escape from it. "He" kills everyone, and the clock stops chiming.

The Devil and Tom Walker

• Kidd the pirate buried treasure near a swamp. The devil watches over the treasure, but Kidd never returned to claim the treasure because he was caught in Boston and sent to England to be hanged for being a pirate.
• Tom Walker lives in England with his wife, they are "miserly" and are always "cheating each other." They don't agree on anything; they hate each other.
• Tom's wife beats him.
• On the way home one day, Tom takes a shortcut through the swamp. He reaches the fort where the treasure is buried and sits down for a moment's peace. As he is sitting, he pokes around at the "mold" or dirty rotten vegetables, and his staff hits something hard. It is an old Indian skull complete with tomahawk. He's looking at it when he hears a stranger's voice tell him to leave it alone. The stranger is a dark figure, a black figure, but neither Indian nor Negro.
• The devil has black hair, dingy and sooty face, an ax over his shoulder; red eyes.
• The trees in the forest are marked with the names of men in the colony. Deacon Peabody's tree is axed almost all the way through and about to fall over.
• Deacon Peabody isn't dead yet, but he will be soon , if the devil wills it.
• Tom thinks about the conditions (those that are not "spoken aloud") of the devil so that he may be able to have the hidden treasure. The devil puts a "print of a finger burnt" onto Tom's forehead that won't go away.
• Absalom Crowninshield dies; his tree in the swamp has been hacked down by the devil.
• Tom tells his wife about his encounter with the devil and about the treasure. His wife urges him to agree to the devil's conditions and "sell his soul" to the devil.
• Tom refuses to do this simply because he wants to disagree with his wife. He doesn't want to be damned on her account or to merely please her.
• Tom's wife decides to go to the devil herself and agree to the conditions on her own behalf, and if this works, keep all the treasure to herself. She meets the devil, has to go back with a "propitiatory" offering. (everything she owned that had value, silver, etc.) But she never returns home for days and no one hears from her again or knows what happened to her although there are many different stories about her how her disappearance comes to be.
• It was said that when Tom went to look for his wife, he found her apron in a tree next to a vulture. He climbed up to get it, and the vulture flew away screeching. Inside the apron, Tom found a heart and liver and not his valuables as he was expecting.
• Tom thought that perhaps the devil had fought with his wife who always put up a good fight. He was almost grateful the devil had probably killed his wife.
• Tom meets the devil again and decides that he will promise to anything if it will gain him the treasure.
• Tom is to become a broker in Boston with his treasure money and drive merchants to bankruptcy with high rate of interest (becomes an usurer)
  
• Tom walker becomes a broker/usurer in a time of hardship which is a more advantageous time for him to do well in his job and making money off of others. The people in Boston had had many a time on and off false senses of security and prosperity.
• Tom became very wealthy at his position as an usurer; he built a big house to impress others, but filled it with nothing, no furnishings. He is still very uptight with his money.
• Tom fears, though, his afterlife and his deal with the devil. So, to try and avoid this, he becomes an avid church-goer and after some time begins to go a little mad.
• One stormy day, Tom makes the mistake of getting irritated at a customer whom he had driven to bankruptcy. He says to the customer, "The devil take me if I have made a farthing!" (This is sarcasm implying that the devil can take him because he's done well for himself, why doesn't the devil just take him for actually making a decent living for himself)
• The devil appears with a black horse and Tom is taken away by the horse back to the swamp and Indian fort. Some say they saw the swamp burst into flame as Tom rode into it on the black horse. It is also said that all of Tom's possessions burned and became nothing but ash.
  

Gothic Literature

Gothic Literature- characterized by grotesque characters, bizarre situations, and violent events.
-originated in Europe, spread in the United States during the 19th century
-examples of Gothic Literature: Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romanticism-
1) Limitations of reason
2) Individual spirit
3) Emotions
4) The splendors of nature
5) Imagination
6) Fascination with the supernatural
-examples of Romanticism in literature: Washington Irving, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Typical Romantic Literature includes:
7) Atmosphere
8) Sentiment
9) Optimism

Transcendentalism- "transcendent forms" of truth exist beyond reason and experience. (faith) "belief in something beyond the physical (karma, fate vs. free will, etc)
-every individual is capable of discovering this higher truth on his or her own, through intuition. (anti-christian belief, anti-puritanism, not achieved through God but on your own)

American Gothic- cavernous Gothic cathedrals, irregularly placed towers and high stained-glass windows were intended to inspire awe and fear in religious worshipers.
-gargoyles warded off evil spirits, looked more like demonic spirits, grotesque creatures, the mascot of Gothic, gives an idea of the kind of imaginative distortion of reality that Gothic represents
Romantic Movement- the imagination led to the threshold of the unknown; the shadowy region where the fantastic, the demonic, and the insane reside. Gothic territory, this perspective can be called "the dark side of individualism."
-Romantics see "hope"
-Gothics see "potential of evil" - the darkness of the supernatural
Edgar Allen Poe- dark medieval castles or decaying ancient estates provide the setting for weird and terrifying events.
-his male narrators: insane; female characters are beautiful and dead (or dying)
-murder, live burials, physical and mental torture and retribution from beyond the grave
-in such extreme situations, Poe thought people to reveal their true nature
Hawthorne- didn't look at the mind and its functions (or dysfunctions) like Poe, but instead examined the human heart under various conditions of fear, greed, vanity, mistrust, and betrayal.

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism-heavily influenced by Romanticism, deals mostly with thought; philosophy
Some poets that display Transcendentalism are Ralph Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

"Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood." -Ralph Waldo Emerson
http://www.transcendentalists.com/emerson_quotes.htm

"What is a weed? A plant whose virtues have not been discovered." -Ralph Waldo Emerson
http://www.transcendentalists.com/emerson_quotes.htm


The picture above suggests that in a single picture there are many concepts to consider, little pieces of thought that form a whole picture. Philosophy is all about thinking beyond the general picture, thinking out of the box, analyzing the world, analyzing thought, analyzing emotion...etc.
Notice that the above quotes both start with a question, then proceed with an after thought that is formed through analyzing.

Transcendentalism is a spiritual reality that is thought to be derived from intuition or instinct.

Romanticism

Romanticism
Romanticism has to do with philosophy; "the age of revolutions"

Romanticism deals a lot with imagination and "ultimate creative power." It also has a lot to do with how we derive things from nature. Walt Whitman wrote a poem titled "Song of Myself," and in that poem there are many examples of how nature is used poetically or lyrically.

Symbolism and Myth are used as romantic conceptions of art along with emotion, lyric poetry, and "the self." (intuition, instincts, and feelings)

Gothic Literature

Gothic-pertaining to the dark ages, Gothic architecture, dark literature, gloomy or horrifying

*Gothic Terms*

Anti-Catholicism-early Protestant Gothic fiction that is associated with a "corrupted catholic religion"
Body Snatching or Grave Robbing-digging up dead bodies, stealing dead bodies from cemeteries
Exorcism-the act of forcing the devil out of a person that is posessed
Incubus-male demons
Succubus-female demons
Necromancy-communicating with the dead
Revenant-the dead returning to get even with the living
Somnambulism-sleepwalking
Superstition-belief in the supernatural
Transformations-the metamorphosis

The Crucible

Elements of Plot in Drama
-Exposition: setting; background that sets up a story
-Rising Action: events that provide an ascent toward the climax
-Climax: the high point of a story; the major turning point
-Falling Action: events that provide a descent toward the resolution
-Resolution: the end of a story; the "resolved" outcome of a story

-Foil: minor character whose traits contrast sharply with those of the main character
-Monologue: a long speech spoken by a single character to himself or herself, or to the audience.
-Soliloquy: a monologue in which a character speaks his/her private thoughts aloud and appears to be unaware of the audience.
-Aside: a short speech or comment that is delivered by a character to the audience, but that is beyond the hearing of other characters who are present.

-Spectral Evidence: a church member could just say/accuse someone of being a witch and the accused would/could die for it. IT was as easy as that.
-The testimony of a church member who claimed to have seen a person's spirit performing witchcraft was enough to sentence the accused to death.
The Crucible-Act One

Reverend Parris-a widower, thought children should follow rules and speak when spoken to, has a daughter who is 10 years old named Betty

Salem was a fairly new town, about 40 years old

Europe viewed Salem as a land inhabited by fanatics (very/excessively religious folks)
No novelists/writers existed and even if there had been, no books would have been allowed except the bible

Very uptight and strict community of people-no vain enjoyment allowed really. A holiday was considered a time for more prayer.

The community would share food and help each other build buildings and such. Hard work and prayer was heavily relied upon to keep peoples’ morals intact.

In the small town, everyone knew everyone else’s business, and that foreshadows the upcoming spread of lies and accusations.

People were stuck up towards the Indians because they failed to convert them to their religion. In failing to convert the Indians, the Puritans believed the Indians’ forests to be “the devil’s last preserve.”

Puritans believed they held the light that brightened the world, and this belief helped to discipline them.

The first Jamestown settlers arrived to the “New World” hoping to harvest riches and return to England very wealthy people.

The Salem tragedy developed form a paradox (a contradictive statement that is true). “For good purposes, the people of Salem developed a theocracy (a combination of state and religious power) which was supposed to keep everyone together.”

The witch hunt was a manifestation of the panic that was settling in due to the peoples’ individual freedom increasing.

Townspeople began accusing others to make themselves feel better or to justify their own guilty thoughts or actions. For example, a man that may want to have sexual relations with another woman aside from his wife may accuse the “other woman” of coming into his bed and “suffocating” him although no such instance has ever taken place.

Land lust and hate against others could now be resolved by the accusation of witchcraft without guilt. It basically went like this: “Give me your land, or I’ll tell people you’re a witch!”

The reverend Parris’ daughter, Betty, will not wake up and is lying in bed.

Tituba- Parris’ Negro slave, in her 40’s, brought from Barbados

Abigail Williams- 17 years old, beautiful, reverend’s niece, an orphan

Susanna- doctor Grigg’s helper, younger than Abigail

Mrs. Ann Putnam- a twisted soul, 45 years old, death-ridden woman who is haunted by dreams

Mr. Putnam- landowner, near 50 years old; has a vengeful nature and wants to redeem his “name” in the village however he can after it had a not so great history. His name has dirt, therefore, he wants revenge by accusation of witchcraft.

Mercy Lewis- fat, sly, merciless girl, 18 years old

Mary Warren- 17 years old, servant-like girl for the Proctors, lonely and naïve.

John Proctor-fierce yet gentle, hard-working, loyal to god, a lecher-- but a good man at heart.

Elizabeth Proctor-quiet tempered, religious woman, loyal to her husband and loving mother to her children

Parris' daughter Betty is lying sick in bed and won't move. Abigail and Parris argue about the dancing in the woods that he caught Tituba and the girls doing. Mr. and Mrs. Putnam's daughter Ruth is also sick in bed. The town begins talking of witchcraft. After Reverend Hale arrives, Parris and he, convinced Tituba has "walked with the devil" whip her until she confesses and is "saved" by God for it. But then she must tell them who she saw walking with the devil. She tells them she saw Goody Osborn and Goody Good. After this, all the girls including Abigail begin shouting the names of the people they supposedly "saw with the devil." In this act we also learn of Abigail and Proctor's affair, although he has put a stop to it and confessed it to his wife, Elizabeth.
Act 2

Almost the whole town of women have been accused of witchcraft, everyday more and more women are accused and tried. If they confess to it, they may live. If not, they are hanged. John Proctor's wife is taken on account of Abigail accusing her of witchcraft and other wives are taken away from their husbands and families. Mary Warren has become part of the court and has been helping the girls with their cases. She knows it is pretend, she just got caught up in all the commotion of it. John Proctor makes her go to court and confess this to the judges.
Act 3

Mary Warren and John go to court to confess that she knows the other girls to be pretending and making everything up. Mary confesses it, cautiously, and the other girls claim that she is lying. Abigail and the other girls begin to act crazy and accuse Mary of "sending her spirit out on them." John is beyond anger at this point and tells the judges of his affair with Abigail. The judges bring in Elizabeth to confirm any truth in the matter. She lies for the first time in her life for John to save his name because she does not know that he already confessed it. She says that he did not have an affair. Mary then begins to go along with the other girls' act and says that "she loves God!" John is arrested.
Act 4

Abigail runs away after robbing Parris. john is to hang if he does not confess "seeing the devil." The court summons Elizabeth to try and convince him to confess and save his life. He confesses and signs a paper that confirms his confession, but he does not want his name to be ruined in the town because, as he proclaims, "My name is all I have!" He rips up the signed paper and changes his mind. He decides not to lie and live, but rather die with an honest and honorable heart. John, Goody Nurse, and Corey die at the end. Elizabeth states, after John's decision, that, "He has his goodness now."




Crucible
1) A ceramic or metal container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures.
2) A place or occasion of severe test or trial
3) A place or situation in which different elements interact to produce something new.
Origin: late Middle English, from Medieval Latin “crucibulum-night lamp, crucible”
(Perhaps originally a lamp hanging in front of a crucifix)

The Salem Witch Trials/The Early Puritans

The Salem Witch Trials were a series of trials brought about by the suspicion of witchcraft performed by the accused individuals. This happened in the late 16th century when the belief of the devil and other evil forces were very popular and, along with that, the belief in witchcraft. Almost all that were accused of witchcraft were hung, left to die in prison, etc. The Salem Witch Trials are a good example of conflicting religious views back in that time period and also, how some beliefs were so extreme as to falsely accuse innocent people of witchcraft and steal their lives from them.

http://sps.k12.mo.us/ghs/library/salemwitch.jpg

http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education/index.shtml

The Puritans were a group of Protestants. The Protestants were a group of people against the Catholic faith because they thought it to be corrupt. Basically, the Puritans are called Puritans because they believed there to still be a smidgen of Catholicism in the Protestant faith and wanted nothing to do with that at all. They wanted their faith to be “pure” hence puritans.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/A_fair_Puritan.png

http://www.mb-soft.com/believe/txc/puritani.htm

Family Ancestry

My great grandpa Schleuder (pronounced Schloider) immigrated from Germany to the U.S. and went through Ellis Island. The picture above is an example of what a lot of immigrants from Europe looked like.

My great grandmother Jeworski immigrated to the U.S. from Poland. The name Jeworski can be found etched in one of the many stones they have displayed on Ellis Island showing the names of all the immigrants that came through there. Most immigrants wore shabby clothing, owned shabby and very little luggage as they didn't have many belongings to bring with them. A lot of the immigrants had diseases or were sick. Those that were sick and/or diseased were confined in a room to avoid spread of disease and normally left untreated which lead to many deaths. At the very top, there's a picture of what a group of immigrants would have looked like upon arrival in the U.S.

The Way to Rainy Mountain

1) geographical details about the landscape

"A single knoll rises out of the plain in Oklahoma, north and west of the Wichita Range. For my people, the Kiowas, it is an old landmark, and they gave it the name Rainy Mountain."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 56

"All things in the plain are isolate; there is no confusion of objects in the eye, but on hill or one tree or one man. To look upon that landscape in the early morning, with the sun at your back, is to lose the sense of proportion. Your imagination comes to life, and this, you think, is where Creation was begun."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 56-57

2) historical details about the rise and fall of the Kiowa

"In alliance with the Comanches, they had ruled the whole of the southern Plains. War was their sacred business, and they were among the finest horsemen the world has ever known."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 57

"But Warfare for the Kiowas was preeminently a matter of disposition rather than of survival, and they never understood the grim, unrelenting advance of the U.S. Cavalry. When at last, divided and illprovisioned, they were driven onto the Staked Plains in the cold rains of autumn, they fell into panic. In Palo Duro Canyon they abandoned their crucial stores to pillage and had nothing then but their lives. In order to save themselves, they surrendered to the soldiers at Fort Sill and were imprisoned in the old stone corral that now stands as a military museum."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 57

3) personal details about his grandmother Aho

"My grandmother had a reverence for the sun, a holy regard that now is all but gone out of mankind. There was a wariness in her, and an ancient awe. She was a Christian in her later years, but she had come a long way about, and she never forgot her birthright. As a child she had been to the Sun Dances; she had taken part in those annual rites, and by them she had learned the restoration of her people in the presence of Tai-me."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 59

"Now that I can have her only in memory, I see my grandmother in the several postures that were peculiar to her: standing at the wood stove on a winter morning and turning meat in a great iron skillet; sitting at the south window, bent above her beadwork, and afterwards, when her vision failed, looking down for a long time into the fold of her hands; going out upon a cane, very slowly as she did when the wiehgt of age came upon her; praying. I remember her most often at prayer."

-N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain. pg. 60

Laguna Pueblo holds dancing ceremonies to ask the spirits for rain. The Indians wear masks, chant, and beat drums during this ritual.
The 4th of July for the Indians is on August 10th when the Pueblo Indians got the Spanish out of New Mexico. This is a picture displaying a ceremonial dance done to celebrate this important date.
This is an example of what a Pueblo Indian might wear for a ceremony or a ritual. They paint their bodies and wear a headdress with a lot of color and usually feathers as well.
Laguna Pueblo is the largest Keresan speaking pueblo. A pueblo is a traditional community of the Native Americans in the southwest, and Keresan is a language spoken by only certain Native Americans. Most Pueblo Indians live in villages made primarily of stone and make a living by growing and selling crops. They also sell handmade artifacts such as pottery, dream catchers, quilts...etc. The Pueblos eat mostly corn, but occasionally they eat meat such as rabbit or squirrel.


Leslie Marmon Silko has written many novels, poems, and short works, much of it about her Pueblo heritage. This is a picture of her wearing the typical Indian dress.

Haha.

My spoon is too big. My spoon is too BIG. MY SPOON IS TOO BIG!



I'M A BANANA!


:)